Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterized by significant shifts in mood, energy, and activity levels, affecting an individual's ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. These shifts can range from episodes of mania or hypomania, where one might feel abnormally upbeat, jumpy, or wired with an exaggerated sense of well-being, to periods of depression marked by feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or a lack of energy.

Cyclothymia, also known as cyclothymic disorder, is a mild form of bipolar disorder characterized by recurrent mood swings between hypomanic and depressive episodes. These emotional fluctuations are less intense than those seen in full-blown bipolar disorder but can still significantly impact an individual's daily functioning and quality of life.

Persistent depressive disorder (PDD), also known as dysthymia, is a form of depression that lasts for two years or more, presenting a continuous experience of depressive symptoms that may vary in intensity from mild to moderate. Individuals with PDD may find themselves grappling with feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in life, often leading to challenges in daily functioning and personal fulfillment.

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a severe form of premenstrual syndrome that significantly impacts the emotional and physical well-being of those affected. Symptoms include profound mood swings, depression or feelings of hopelessness, intense anger, and irritability, as well as anxiety and tension. These symptoms can profoundly affect daily life, relationships, and overall functioning.

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) is a mental health condition identified in children and adolescents, characterized by persistent irritability, severe emotional dysregulation, and frequent episodes of extreme anger or temper tantrums. This condition not only affects the young individuals experiencing it but also poses challenges for their families and caregivers.